THE SWORD For almost 700 years (c. 1185–1868) Japan was ruled by samurai. The samurai were the only social class entitled to carry two swords, a long one (katana, more than 60 cm in length) and a short one (wakizashi, up to 60 cm). This was part of a strategy during the late Momoyama (1573–1615) and Edo periods to give the ruling class a monopoly of force. In exceptional cases, wealthy merchants and physicians, for example, could be granted the privilege of carrying the short sword.
The sword plays an important part in the Shinto myth of creation. The sun goddess Amaterasu, legend has it, gave her grandchild, the Japanese emperor, three sacred treasures: the sword, the mirror and the jewels. The sword came to symbolise the soul, honour, obedience and fighting spirit of the samurai. The many civil wars before the Edo period have shaped the image of a warlike Japan. The average length of life of samurai in times of war was often about 20. Swords were important, but the bow, spear and firearms were also much used. Firearms came to Japan with Europeans in the 16th century and were being used by most of the warlords’ armies before the Edo period. No wars were fought during that period, and so the sword now acquired a more prominent position, not least symbolically. Swords of the kind known to us, slightly curved and single-edged, originated during the Helan period (794–1185).
Parts of a sword showing the different elements. The combination of the elements made it easy to disassemble and clean the sword and to change various mountings. From NM-1919-0044 and the collection of OM-1979. 1. Small peg securing the hilt to the tang (mekugi). 2. Two copper spacers (seppa). 3. Sword guard (tsuba) with cobweb patterning. 4. Hilt (tsuka) with leather- wrapped sharkskin 5. Hilt fitting (menuki) to be secured under the wrapping of the hilt. Shibuichi, gold. 6. Decorated handle (kozuka) of the small knife. Shibuichi. 7. Small knife (kogatana). 8. Implement often used as a hairdressing tool (kogai).